The phrase comes from “José,” one of the most famous poems by Brazilian writer Carlos Drummond de Andrade, published in 1942. The poem lists everything the everyman José has lost and repeats the refrain “E agora, José?” as a symbol of helplessness. Generations of Brazilians memorized it in school, so the line became shorthand for any dead-end situation. Online it evolved into a reaction meme, quoted in videos, comments and remixes whenever someone faces an awkward, hopeless or ironic outcome.