The lyrics of Rota were written by Maria Konopnicka in 1908 as a protest against Germanisation of Poles under Prussian rule, and Feliks Nowowiejski set the poem to music in 1910. It was first performed publicly in Kraków that year for the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald. Centred on an oath to defend Polish land, language and faith, the song became one of Poland's best known patriotic hymns and a candidate for national anthem. It is still sung at state ceremonies, anniversaries and by the Polish diaspora online.